Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

Predict what would happen to the secondary structure of a protein if an alcohol that disrupts hydrogen-bonding were added. Choose one or more: A. The β sheets would unfold, disrupting protein structure. B. The α helices would unfold, disrupting protein structure. C. Nothing would happen to the protein; hydrogen-bonding is not important for secondary structure. D. Individual amino acids would be hydrolyzed from the protein, disrupting protein structure. - ANSWER-A. The β sheets would unf...

DNA - ANSWER-Double stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleic units. It serves as the cell's store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation. Double Helix - ANSWER-The typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the two complementary polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base pairing between the strands. Base Pair - ANSWER-Two complementary nucleotides in an RNA or DNA molecule that are h...

Cancer - ANSWER-Disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation, followed by invasion and colonization of body sites normally reserved for other cells DNA Ligase - ANSWER-Enzyme that reseals nicks that occur in the backbone of a DNA molecule (in the lab, can be used to join together two DNA fragments) DNA Polymerase - ANSWER-Makes DNA DNA Repair - ANSWER-Collective term used for the enzymatic processes that correct deleterious changes affecting the continuity or sequence ...

Housekeeping Proteins - ANSWER-Proteins common to many cell types, concerned with basic metabolic and structural functions. Regulatory DNA Sequences - ANSWER-DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator binds to determine when where & in what quantities a gene is to be transcribed into RNA. Transcription Regulators - ANSWER-Proteins that bind specifically to a regulatory DNA sequence; involved in controlling whether a gene is switched on or off; activator or repressor. Can coordinate th...

plasma membrane - ANSWER-Fatty film so thin and transparent that it cannot be seen directly in the light of the light microscope. Structure is based on a two-ply sheet of lipid molecules about 5 nm - or 50 atoms - thick. Is penetrated by highly selective channels and pumps - protein molecules that allow specific substances to be imported and others to be exported. Is also involved in cell communication as well as cell growth and motility. internal membranes - ANSWER-In eucaryotic cells, addit...

Cell Respiration - ANSWER-Process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food molecules; usually accompanied by the uptake to O2 and the release of CO2. Oxidative Phosphorylation - ANSWER-Process in bacteria and mitochondria in which ATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from food molecules to molecular oxygen. Electron-Transport Chain (respiratory chain) - ANSWER-A series of membrane-embedded electron carrier molecules that facilitate the movement of electrons from a h...

How does cell-cell signaling influence animal development in an embryo? (3) - ANSWER--receive signals to designate their specialization -receive signals to where they will locate -receive signals on whether it will survive, die, or divide what is signal transduction? - ANSWER-the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior; converting the signals that carry information from one form to another Explain these terms in how they relate to one another: -signalin...

Cytoskeleton - ANSWER-•A network of proteins that extend throughout the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER-•Cell shape •Movement •Cell Adhesion •Intracellular traffic •Cell division •Other specialized functions What are the 3 types of protein filaments found in the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER-•Intermediate filaments •Microtubules •Actin filaments Intermediate filaments - ANSWER-•Most stable and durable of all cyt...

17-1) Which of the following types of cells would you expect to contain a high density of intermediate filaments in their cytoplasm? Explain. A. Amoeba proteus, B. Skin epithelial cells, C. Smooth muscle cells in the digestive tract, D. E. Coli, E. Nerve cell in the spinal cord, F. Sperm Cell, G. Plant Cell - ANSWER-Intermediate filaments help with tensile forces. Sperm cells and amoeba don't undergo tensile forces. E. coli has no filaments at all. And plant cells maintain their shape with a...

cell cycle - ANSWER-The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates and divides into two. M phase - ANSWER-Period of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus and cytoplasm divide. interphase - ANSWER-Long period of the cell cycle between mitosis and the next. Includes G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. S phase - ANSWER-Period during a eukaryotic cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized. G1 phase - ANSWER-Gap 1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle; falls between the end ...